The doctrinal ground is moving.

The flagship Fourth Amendment case. Lee Schmidt (captured 475 times) and Crystal Arrington (325 times in four months) sued over Norfolk's 176-camera 'curtain of technology.' Survived motion to dismiss in Feb 2025 under Carpenter. In Jan 2026, Judge Davis granted summary judgment for the city — but warned that with denser networks 'the constitutional balancing could conceivably tip the other way.' IJ has appealed.

First major class action directly against Flock. Alleges violation of California's ALPR Privacy Act through engineered cross-state sharing with ICE, CBP, FBI, ATF, Air Force, USPS, and GSA. Seeks $2,500+ per violation per class member (anyone whose plate was captured on or after Feb 26, 2022).

Federal class action challenging nearly 500 Flock cameras producing roughly 13,500 searches per day. Parallel to EFF/ACLU-NC's November 2025 California-Constitutional suit covering 3.96 million warrantless searches in a single year.

First state AG-led enforcement action against a Flock customer city — for refusing to comply with California's ban on ALPR data sharing with federal and out-of-state agencies.

Judge Jamilah LeCruise suppressed Flock-derived evidence, calling Norfolk's network a warrantless 'dragnet over the entire city' analogous to United States v. Jones.

Black trucker pulled over after Flock misread '7' as '2'; K-9 attacked. The federal judge reportedly quipped, 'Flock Flocked up.'